FOREIGN LANGUAGES
French Major
French Minor
German Major
German Minor
Spanish Major
Spanish Minor
Course Descriptions
Somsen Hall, Room 319 (507-457-5165)
www.winona.edu/foreignlanguages/
Lilian Ramos (Chairperson): German and Spanish;
Frisk: French and Spanish
Fernandez Iglesias: Spanish
Gonzalez: Spanish
Mazur: German, French, and Spanish
Tenenbaum: French and Spanish
FACULTY
Juan Fernandez Iglesias, Assistant Professor; B.A., Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; M.A., Ph.D., University of Kansas; 2004 –
Timothy Frisk, Associate Professor; B.S., Winona State University; B.A., M.A., Ph.D., University of Minnesota; 1990 – 2004 –
Ronald M. Mazur, Professor; B.A., University of Detroit; M.A., Ph.D., University of Michigan; 1978 –
Lilian Ramos, Associate Professor; B.A., Seattle University; M.A., University of Washington; Ph.D., University of Washington; 1992 –
Rosine Tenenbaum, Professor; B.A., M.A., University of Paris-Sorbonne; Ph.D., University of North Carolina; 1990 –
PURPOSE
Foreign language classes are designed to develop proficiency in the four skills areas: listening, reading, writing, and speaking. Their further goal is to develop an understanding and appreciation of individual foreign cultures. Students who enhance their occupational skills with linguistic and cultural training will increase their opportunities for employment in multinational corporations, government agencies, humanitarian organizations, and a variety of health professions. The following offerings are available:
• Complete B.A./B.S. major/minor in French
• Complete B.S. (teaching) major in French
• Complete B.A./B.S. major/minor in German
• Complete B.S. (teaching) major in German
• Complete B.A./B.S. major/minor in Spanish
• Complete B.S. (teaching) major in Spanish
The Foreign Language Department is authorized to recommend graduates for licensure in French, German, and Spanish majors. (Minnesota does not grant teaching licenses for foreign language minors.) All coursework for the degrees is available on campus. Language courses 101, 102, 201, 202 are offered on a yearly basis. Most other courses are offered every two years. For this reason, majors and minors in foreign languages are expected to register for the “specialized study” courses when they are offered.
Arranged classes are discouraged and will be offered only under the most exceptional circumstances and require approval of the entire Foreign Language Department faculty. Independent studies courses are not offered.
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION SEQUENCE FOR SECONDARY MAJORS
(32-36 S.H.)
Notes:
1. These courses require formal admission to the teacher education program. (See page 91, “Admission to the WSU Teacher Education Program.”)
2. The College of Education plans to restructure some program offerings in 2007-2008. As a result, the content, numbering, and/or credit hours for Professional Education Sequence courses will likely be revised after this catalog goes to print. To obtain the latest course requirements, please refer to the current program sheets, which are available from the department office or online at www.winona.edu/education/advising.
* EDUC 305 Human Development and Learning (4)
EDUC 308 Human Relations and Student Diversity (3)
EDUC 312 Instructional Planning and Assessment: Secondary (3)
EDUC 429 Secondary Reading and Teaching Strategies (4)
EDUC 449 Middle Level Philosophy, Organization and Planning (3)
EDUC 459 The Professional Educator (3)
EDST 465 Student Teaching (12-16)
PLACEMENT
All students with prior study of a foreign language are strongly encouraged to take a placement examination to determine the correct level of coursework at WSU. Students who are high school graduates from a French-, Spanish-, or German-speaking country cannot register or receive credit for French, German, or Spanish 101 or 102. These students can register for a 201 or 202 course only if they have declared a major or a minor in a foreign language. Students should consult with the department chairperson for details.
Note: Courses beyond the intermediate level are only offered every other year except for French 303 and Spanish 301. This means that students who have not completed intermediate courses during their sophomore year will have difficulty graduating in four years with a foreign language major unless they participate in a department- or university-approved study abroad program. Students of Spanish can participate in the Granada, Spain program. The foreign language faculty reserves the right to depart from these guidelines when warranted by exceptional circumstances.
CREDIT FOR PREVIOUS LANGUAGE STUDY
The department recommends that students who meet the prerequisites for French, German, or Spanish 101, 102, or 201 enroll in the next higher elementary or intermediate course. By earning a grade of “A” or “B” in WSU’s language courses 102, 201, or 202, students may obtain retroactive credit for course 101 and any sequel courses below the course in which they earned the “A” or “B.” Qualifying students may apply for retroactive credit by completing the appropriate form(s) and paying a fee of $5 per credit in order to receive a grade of “P” (pass) in the appropriate course(s). For information about credit by examination, see page 23. The foreign language faculty reserves the right to depart from these guidelines when warranted by exceptional circumstances.
STUDY ABROAD
WSU students who wish to immerse themselves in a foreign culture and language for one or more semesters have several options available to them. For specific information, please contact the Study Abroad Office or consult the Study Abroad section in this catalog (page 29). Students who wish to receive University credit for participation in a study abroad program must have prior approval from the Foreign Language Department. The foreign language majors and minors are strongly encouraged to study abroad in order to acquire language proficiency. Students have the opportunity to study Spanish with a WSU-sponsored program in Granada, Spain.
PASS/NO CREDIT (P/NC) COURSES
Elementary and intermediate language courses (101,102, 201 and 202) may be taken for pass/no credit. Except for internships and practica, students must take all courses in their major, minor, options, concentrations, and licensures on a grade-only basis. In addition, a pass will be accepted for Intermediate 201 in French, German, or Spanish for those majors/minors who received an “A” or “B” in Intermediate 202 French, German, or Spanish. In this instance, students can qualify for retroactive credit for Intermediate 201 after completing the appropriate forms. The P/NC option is available to non-majors unless otherwise noted. Courses offered on a pass/no credit-only or grade-only basis are so designated in the course descriptions.
GPA REQUIREMENTS
1. A cumulative GPA of 2.00 to graduate with a foreign language major or minor.
2. A cumulative 2.50 GPA in the courses taken for the B.A. major or minor.
3. A cumulative 2.75 GPA in the courses taken for the B.S. teaching major.
4. A cumulative 2.75 GPA to be admitted to teacher education.
For a checklist of the University’s graduation requirements, see page 23.
Note: Specialized study courses are offered on a two-year cycle except for French 303 and Spanish 301. Therefore, students planning to major or minor in a foreign language should register for all specialized study courses offered in any given semester if they plan to graduate with a foreign language major or minor in four years.
UNIVERSITY STUDIES FLAG REQUIREMENTS
Students may use flag courses to satisfy both University Studies and major requirements. Flag courses will usually be in the student’s major or minor program. The Department of Foreign Languages offers the following flag courses in the University Studies Program:
FLAGS
FRENCH
Oral
FREN 401 Phonetics and Pronunciation (French) (3)
Math/Critical Analysis
FREN 403 French Literature II (3)
Writing
FREN 301 French Composition (4)
FREN 402 French Literature I (3)
GERMAN
Oral
GERM 302 German Conversation and Composition (4)
Math/Critical Analysis
GERM 403 20th Century Literature (German) (3)
Writing
GERM 401 Medieval to Baroque Literature (3)
GERM 402 18th and 19th Century Literature (3)
SPANISH
Oral
SPAN 302 The Culture of Spain (3)
Math/Critical Analysis
SPAN 402 Spanish Peninsular Literature II (3)
Writing
SPAN 301 Spanish Composition and Conversation (4)
SPAN 401 Spanish Peninsular Literature I (3)
Flag courses that can be used to satisfy foreign language major/minor requirements are identified in the lists of required courses and electives in this section.
B. A. MAJOR - FRENCH (FREN) 36 S.H.
(Minor Required in another discipline or in another language)
LANGUAGE SKILLS FOR MAJORS AND MINORS
(8 S.H.)
FREN 201 Intermediate French I (4)
FREN 202 Intermediate French II (4)
SPECIALIZED STUDY - FREN (28 S.H.)
204 Special Topics in French Literature (2)
205 Special Topics in French Culture (2)
301 French Composition (4)
302 French Civilization and Culture (4)
303 Advanced Grammar and Stylistics (4)
401 Phonetics and Pronunciation (3)
402 French Literature I (3)
403 French Literature II (3)
404 French Literature III (3)
B.S. MAJOR - FRENCH (Teaching) (FRNT)
40 S.H.
(Minor Required in another discipline or in another language)
LANGUAGE SKILLS (8 S.H.)
FREN 201 and 202
Note: Teaching majors must take all courses in the Professional Education Sequence in addition to courses in the content area. Refer to these requirements in the Education Department section of this catalog (page 90), or refer to the WSU Teacher Education Student Handbook.
SPECIALIZED STUDY (32 S.H.)
FREN 204 Special Topics in French Literature (2)
FREN 205 Special Topics in French Culture (2)
FREN 301 French Composition (4)
FREN 302 French Civilization and Culture (4)
FREN 303 Advanced Grammar and Stylistics (4)
FREN 401 Phonetics and Pronunciation (3)
FREN 402 French Literature I (3)
FREN 403 French Literature II (3)
FREN 404 French Literature III (3)
FLAN 405 Methods of Teaching a Modern Foreign Language (4)
B.A. MINOR - FRENCH (FREN) 28 S.H.
LANGUAGE SKILLS (8 S.H.)
FREN 201 and 202
SPECIALIZED STUDY - FREN (20 S.H.)
204 Special Topics in French Literature (2) OR
205 Special Topics in French Culture (2)
301 French Composition (4)
302 French Civilization and Culture (4)
303 Advanced Grammar and Stylistics (4)
Choose two of the following courses:
401 Phonetics and Pronunciation (3)
402 French Literature I (3)
403 French Literature II (3)
404 French Literature III (3)
B.A. MAJOR - GERMAN (GERM) 32 S.H.
(Minor Required in another discipline or in another language)
LANGUAGE SKILLS (8 S.H.)
GERM 201 Intermediate German I (4)
GERM 202 Intermediate German II (4)
SPECIALIZED STUDY - GERM (24 S.H.)
204 Special Topics: German Literature (2)
205 Special Topics: German Culture and Language (2)
301 Advanced Reading and Structural Analysis (3)
302 German Conversation and Composition (4)
303 German Culture and Civilization (4)
401 Medieval to Baroque Literature (3)
402 18th and 19th Century Literature (3)
403 20th Century Literature (3)
B.S. MAJOR - GERMAN (Teaching) (GRMT) 36 S.H.
(Minor Required)
LANGUAGE SKILLS (8 S.H.)
GERM 201 and 202
Note: Teaching majors must take all courses in the Professional Education Sequence in addition to courses in the content area. Refer to these requirements in the Education Department section of this catalog (page 90), or refer to the WSU Teacher Education Student Handbook.
SPECIALIZED STUDY - GERM (28 S.H.)
GERM 204 Special Topics: German Literature (2)
GERM 205 Special Topics: German Culture and Language (2)
GERM 301 Advanced Reading and Structural Analysis (3)
GERM 302 German Conversation and Composition (4)
GERM 303 German Culture and Civilization (4)
GERM 401 Medieval to Baroque Literature (3)
GERM 402 18th and 19th Century Literature (3)
GERM 403 20th Century Literature (3)
FLAN 405 Methods of Teaching a Modern Foreign Language (4)
B.A. MINOR - GERMAN (GERM) 24 S.H.
LANGUAGE SKILLS (8 S.H.)
GERM 201 and 202
SPECIALIZED STUDY - GERM (16 S.H.)
204 Special Topics: German Literature (2) OR
205 Special Topics: German Culture and Language (2)
301 Advanced Reading and Structural Analysis (3)
302 German Conversation and Composition (4)
303 German Culture and Civilization (4)
Choose one of the following three courses:
401 Medieval to Baroque Literature (3)
402 18th and 19th Century Literature (3)
403 20th Century Literature (3)
B.A. MAJOR - SPANISH (SPAN) 32 S.H.
(Minor Required in another discipline or in another language)
LANGUAGE SKILLS (8 S.H.)
SPAN 201 Intermediate Spanish I (4)
SPAN 202 Intermediate Spanish II (4)
SPECIALIZED STUDY - SPAN (24 S.H.)
204 Special Topics in Hispanic Literature and Culture (2)
300 Spanish Linguistics (2)
301 Spanish Composition and Conversation (4)
302 The Culture of Spain (3)
303 The Culture of Latin America (3)
401 Spanish Peninsular Literature I (3)
402 Spanish Peninsular Literature II (3)
403 Latin American Literature (4)
B.S. MAJOR - SPANISH (Teaching) (SPNT) 36 S.H.
(Minor Required in another discipline or in another language)
LANGUAGE SKILLS (8 S.H.)
SPAN 201 and 202
Note: Teaching majors must take all courses in the Professional Education Sequence in addition to courses in the content area. Refer to these requirements in the Education Department section of this catalog (page 90), or refer to the WSU Teacher Education Student Handbook.
SPECIALIZED STUDY - SPAN (28 S.H.)
SPAN 204 Special Topics in Hispanic Literature and Culture (2)
SPAN 300 Spanish Linguistics and Phonetics (2)
SPAN 301 Spanish Composition and Conversation (4)
SPAN 302 The Culture of Spain (3)
SPAN 303 The Culture of Latin America (3)
SPAN 401 Spanish Peninsular Literature I (3)
SPAN 402 Spanish Peninsular Literature II (3)
SPAN 403 Latin American Literature (4)
FLAN 405 Methods of Teaching a Modern Foreign Language (4)
B.A. MINOR - SPANISH (SPAN) 24 S.H.
LANGUAGE SKILLS (8 S.H.)
SPAN 201 and 202
SPECIALIZED STUDY - SPAN (16 S.H.)
204 Special Topics in Hispanic Literature and Culture (2) OR
300 Spanish Linguistics and Phonetics (2)
301 Spanish Composition and Conversation (4)
302 The Culture of Spain (3) OR
303 The Culture of Latin America (3)
401 Spanish Peninsular Literature I (3) OR
402 Spanish Peninsular Literature II (3)
403 Latin American Literature (4)
COURSE DESCRIPTIONS
FOREIGN LANGUAGE (FLAN)
218 – The New Europeans: Understanding the EU (3 S.H.)
Through the use of stimulating readings, this course serves as an introduction to the issues shaping contemporary Europe. The main topic of the course will be to explore the evolution of the concept of Europe throughout different historical periods, learn about the different institutions that govern Europeans, highlight the important events in the unification of Europe, discuss the symbols that make Europe real for the average citizen, analyze the competing visions of where Europe is headed and what it should be, and explore the concept of the European dream and way of life by comparing it with its American counterpart. Offered yearly.
405 - Methods of Teaching a Modern Foreign Language (4 S.H.)
Discussion of foreign language teaching methods with respect to their effectiveness in achieving pedagogical goals. Practical applications are offered. Must be taken before the student teaching assignment. Prerequisite: FREN, GERM, or SPAN 202 or equivalent. Offered every two years.
ARABIC (ARAB)
101 - Arabic for Beginners (4 S.H.)
This course is an introduction to the Arabic language and its script. ARAB 101 is a combination of oral and written exercises. Prerequisites: None. Letter grade only. Offered according to demand.
102 - Introduction to Arabic Grammar and Literature (4 S.H.)
This is a continuation of ARAB 101. Students will learn to recognize patterns in the language and to differentiate between verbs, nouns and adjectives. Prerequisite: ARAB 101 or equivalent. Letter grade only. Offered according to demand.
FRENCH (FREN)
101 - Elementary French I (4 S.H.)
Introductory French for students with little or no prior French training. Instruction in speaking, listening, reading, and writing through classroom drills and language lab work. Prerequisite: None. Offered yearly.
102 - Elementary French II (4 S.H.)
Continuation of FREN 101. Prerequisites: FREN 101 or 1-2 years of high school French or equivalent. Offered yearly.
201 - Intermediate French I (4 S.H.)
Further development of communication skills. In-depth study of grammar. Selected readings in French. Prerequisite: FREN 102 or equivalent of three years of high school French. Offered yearly.
202 - Intermediate French II (4 S.H.)
Continuation of FREN 201. Further development of all the skills essential for communication. Further development of understanding written and spoken French. Practice in translation and practice in writing accentuated. Prerequisite: FREN 201 or equivalent of 4-5 years of high school French. Offered yearly.
204 - Special Topics in French Literature (2 S.H.)
Directed readings of French contemporary writers. Focusing particularly on African writers and French writers outside of France. Reading knowledge of French required. Offered every two years.
205 - Special Topics in French Culture (2 S.H.)
Study of contemporary issues in the French media, particularly cinema. Prerequisite: FREN 202 or equivalent. Offered every two years.
301 - French Composition (4 S.H.)
This course reinforces skills in written French through translation of a wide variety of texts taken from various fields such as business and literature. The writing of poems, essays, and articles in French is practiced in order to reinforce and refine writing skills. Prerequisite: FREN 202 or equivalent. Offered every two years
302 - French Civilization and Culture (4 S.H. )
The unfolding of French culture and civilization from the Lascaux Caves to French rap music. Topics include architecture, plastic arts, literary movements, and contemporary French popular culture. The course is taught in French with texts in French. Students present reports on selected topics in French. Prerequisite: FREN 202 or equivalent. Offered every two years.
303 - Advanced Grammar and Stylistics (4 S.H.)
This course is an introduction to literary instruction as well as a practice of French advanced writing. It is a transition between FREN 202 (fourth-semester French) and French literature courses. Prerequisite: FREN 202 or equivalent. Letter grade only. Offered yearly.
401 - Phonetics and Pronunciation (3 S.H.)
Each student perfects his/her pronunciation through class and language laboratory exercises. The class relies on pronunciation tapes to teach the proper French accent. The sounds are studied so that one can describe and teach them to students. Some pronunciation rules are also mastered: rule of three consonants, silent “e”, “e” before “yod,” etc. Students read articles from the French press in order to practice correct pronunciation. Prerequisite: FREN 202 or equivalent. Offered every two years.
402 - French Literature I (3 S.H.)
Middle Ages, Renaissance French Literature. The course is taught in French. The French Explication De Texte type of critical analysis is taught. Writings such as Song of Roland, Romance of the Rose, Villon’s poems, Rabelais’ Gargantua, Montaigne’s Essays, and The Pleiade are studied. Prerequisite: FREN 202 or equivalent. Offered every two years.
403 - French Literature II (3 S.H )
Seventeenth and 18th century French literature. The course is taught in French. Writers such as Corneille, Moliere, Racine, Marivaux, Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau, and Beaumarchais are studied. Prerequisite: FREN 202 or equivalent. Offered every two years.
404 - French Literature III (3 S.H.)
Nineteenth and 20th century French literature. Romanticism, the Parnasse, Symbolism and Naturalism, as well as Surrealism, Existentialism, and contemporary writers are studied. Prerequisite: FREN 202 or equivalent. Offered every two years.
GERMAN (GERM)
101 - Elementary German I (4 S.H.)
Introductory German for students with little or no prior German training. Instruction in speaking, listening, reading, and writing through classroom drill and language lab work. Offered yearly.
102 - Elementary German II (4 S.H.)
Continuation of GERM 101. Prerequisite: GERM 101 or two years of high school German or equivalent. Offered yearly.
201 - Intermediate German I (4 S.H.)
Further development of communication skills. Study of grammar essential to skills. Selected readings in German. Prerequisite: GERM 102 or equivalent of three years of high school German. Offered yearly.
202 - Intermediate German II (4 S.H.)
Continuation of GERM 201. Further development of all the skills essential for communication. Further development of understanding written and spoken German. Practice in translation and practice in writing accentuated. Prerequisite: GERM 201 or equivalent of five years of middle school/high school German. Offered yearly.
204 - Special Topics: German Literature (2 S.H.)
The course focuses on an individual author, a literary period/movement, or a special literary category/genre. Prerequisite: GERM 202 or equivalent. Offered every two years.
205 - Special Topics: German Culture and Language (2 S.H.)
This course deals with such topics as modern cultural developments in the German-speaking world, modern usage and themes in the German-language media, the development of the German language into its modern form, or the application of the German language to a specific professional field. Prerequisite: GERM 202 or equivalent. Offered every two years.
301 - Advance Reading and Structural Analysis (3 S.H.)
Advanced study and analysis of the German language. The course includes a discussion of advanced German grammar (with exercises), the development of effective reading strategies and an introduction to basic linguistic concepts. Prerequisite: GERM 202 or equivalent. Offered every two years.
302 - German Conversation and Composition (4 S.H.)
The practice of advanced language skills through guided conversation and composition. Prerequisite: GERM 202 or equivalent. Offered every two years.
303 - German Civilization and Culture (4 S.H.)
The evolution of German culture from its beginnings to the present, including analysis of historical, literary, and artistic movements. Prerequisite: GERM 202 or equivalent. Offered every two years.
401 - Medieval to Baroque Literature (3 S. H.)
A survey of representative works by major authors in various genres from the beginnings of Old High German literature (8th century) to the literary Baroque (17th century). Class work focuses on the close reading and critical discussion of texts in their literary and cultural contexts. Prerequisite: GERM 202 or equivalent. Offered every two years.
402 - 18th and 19th Century Literature (3 S.H.)
A survey of representative works by major authors in various genres from the Enlightenment through Symbolism and Naturalism (late 19th century). Class work focuses on the close reading and critical discussion of texts in their literary and cultural contexts. Prerequisite: GERM 202 or equivalent. Offered every two years.
403 - 20th Century Literature (3 S.H.)
A survey of representative works by major authors in various genres from the turn of the 20th century to the present. Class work focuses on the close reading and critical discussion of texts in their literary and cultural contexts. Prerequisite: GERM 202 or equivalent. Offered every two years.
SPANISH (SPAN)
101 - Elementary Spanish I (4 S.H.)
Introductory Spanish for students with little or no prior training in Spanish. Instruction in speaking, listening, reading and writing through classroom drill and language lab work. Offered yearly.
102 - Elementary Spanish II (4 S.H.)
Continuation of 101. Prerequisite: SPAN 101 or equivalent. Offered yearly.
201 - Intermediate Spanish I (4 S.H.)
Further development of communication skills. Study of grammar essential to skills. Selected readings in Spanish. Prerequisite: SPAN 102 or equivalent. Offered yearly.
202 - Intermediate Spanish II (4 S.H.)
Continuation of SPAN 201. Further development of skills essential for communication. Study of grammar and syntax. Additional practice in reading and writing. Prerequisite: SPAN 201 or equivalent. Offered yearly.
204 - Special Topics in Hispanic Literature and Culture (2 S.H.)
Directed readings in Hispanic literature and culture. Prerequisite: SPAN 202 or equivalent. Offered every two years.
300 - Spanish Linguistics and Phonetics (2 S.H.)
Practice in all the sounds of the language with observations on its development from Latin. Exploration of the grammatical structures of Spanish. Prerequisite: SPAN 202 or equivalent. Offered every two years.
301 - Spanish Composition and Conversation (4 S.H.)
The emphasis is on class discussion and the development of critical thinking. Readings to be included are short stories by modern and classical authors. Overview of semantics and stylistics. Prerequisite: SPAN 202 or equivalent. Offered yearly.
302 - The Culture of Spain (3 S.H.)
This course is taught in Spanish and focuses on the successive phases in the development of the culture of Spain. The development of Spanish art, architecture, music and lifestyle are studied as well as the different characteristics of the individual regions of Spain. Prerequisite: SPAN 202 or equivalent. Offered every two years.
303 - The Culture of Latin America (3 S.H.)
This course is taught in Spanish and focuses on the countries of Central and South America, a study of the pre-Columbian cultures as well as their development after the Spanish colonization: their art, their traditions and their present lifestyle and customs. Prerequisite: SPAN 202 or equivalent. Offered every two years.
401 - Spanish Peninsular Literature I (3 S.H.)
The course is taught in Spanish. Class work focuses on the study of early Peninsular Spanish literature: epic poetry, novel, theater, the renaissance, baroque literature. Prerequisite: SPAN 202 or equivalent. Offered every two years.
402 - Spanish Peninsular Literature II (3 S.H.)
The course is taught in Spanish. It covers Peninsular literature of the Age of Enlightenment, the Romantic period, the generation of 98, the generation of 27, the literature of the Civil War, and the post-Civil War as well as contemporary authors. Prerequisite: SPAN 202 or equivalent. Offered every two years.
403 - Latin American Literature (4 S.H.)
A survey of Latin American literature from pre-colonial to contemporary literature. This course includes the study of pre-Hispanic writings (Nahautl, maya, quechua), Los Cronistas, colonial literature, Neoclassism, Romanticism, and the transition of the “gaucho epic” from the 19th to the 20th century. It also includes Modernism; the Criollismo; Post-Modernism; Magic Realism; and the Boom with writers such as Gabriel Garcia, Marquez, Carols Fuentes, Cortazar, and Vargas Llosa; the theater; and other essay writers. Prerequisite: SPAN 202 or equivalent. Offered every two years.
